Seasonal evolution of supraglacial lakes on a floating ice tongue, Petermann Glacier, Greenland

ABSTRACTSupraglacial lakes are known to trigger Antarctic ice-shelf instability and break-up. However, to date, no study has focused on lakes on Greenland's floating termini. Here, we apply lake boundary/area and depth algorithms to Landsat 8 imagery to analyse the inter- and intraseasonal evolution of supraglacial lakes across Petermann Glacier's (81°N) floating tongue from 2014 to 2016, while also comparing these lakes to those on the grounded ice. Lakes start to fill in June and quickly peak in total number, volume and area in late June/early July in response to increases in air temperatures. However, through July and August, total lake number, volume and area all decline, despite sustained high temperatures. These observations may be explained by the transportation of meltwater into the ocean by a river, and by lake drainage events on the floating tongue. Further, as mean lake depth remains relatively constant during this time, we suggest that a large proportion of the lakes that drain, do so completely, likely by rapid hydrofracture. The mean areas of lakes on the tongue are only ~20% of those on the grounded ice and exhibit lower variability in maximum and mean depth, differences likely attributable to the contrasting formation processes of lakes in each environment.</jats:p

Using Cognitive Mapping Techniques to Measure Longitudinally the Brand Equity of Irish Political Parties

This paper applies cognitive mapping techniques to understand how political brand equity is formed, differs, and changes, across the four largest Irish political parties, between 2013 and 2016. It assesses the fundamental aspects of branding and brand equity in the marketing and political marketing literatures and offers an insight into the Irish political environment. Primary data was generated through the participation of 232 citizens in the brand elicitation stages in 2013 and 2016 and a further 76 and 105 citizens respectively were involved in the construction of the cognitive maps of brand equity. In all, across both time points, 614 citizens participated. From the mapping process we can see how the participants’ perceptions of the Irish political parties’ brands have changed. This article constitutes a first attempt to measure longitudinally changing political brand equity through cognitive mapping techniques

Using Cognitive Mapping to Longitudinally Examine Political Brand Associations

This paper uses cognitive mapping techniques to understand how brand associations, an important aspect of political brand equity are formed, differ, and change, from the perspective of citizens, across the four largest Irish political parties between 2013 and 2016. The paper focuses in particular upon the strength, favourability and uniqueness of these brand associations. The results constitute a first attempt to longitudinally explore changing political brand associations through cognitive mapping techniques, using data generated with the participation of hundreds of citizens. Our findings suggest that this approach can contribute to our understanding of how and why political brand associations change over time

THE EFFECTS OF PERCEIVED QUALITY OF PERFORMANCE ON PRICE-VALUE, SATISFACTION, AND BEHAVIOURAL INTENTIONS BY GOLFERS\u27 RESIDENT TYPES

A model is developed that considers the effects of perceived quality of performance on price-value, satisfaction, and behavioural intentions. The model was tested using data from 3,235 surveys of golfers on Prince Edward Island, a golfing destination in Canada. Three golfer types were identified: tourists, permanent residents, and seasonal residents. An exploratory factor analysis was completed to develop five measures of perceived golf course quality. Three multiple regression models were then used to examine the relationships among the constructs. This appears to be the first study that models golfer behaviors and intentions by resident type. The results indicate a significant positive relationship between perceived quality and the feeling that value was received for the golf fee paid. The significant positive relationship was also observed between perceived quality, price-value, and satisfaction; and between perceived quality, pricevalue, satisfaction, and intentions to return to golf and to recommend the course. Overall, the results provide support for a causal relationship between the constructs. The study contributes to a better understanding of golfers’ perceptions and behavioural intentions by resident type

Understanding Organisational Change Document Number 52

In the past decade, particularly in Western industrial societies but more recently in Eastern Europe, there has been a great deal of concern over efficient management and good organisational practice in order to create an effective economic base for society. The waste of resources, inefficient structures, and poor communication can no longer be excused in an increasingly competitive environment. To take one example, the U.K. National Health Service, which includes a plethora of professions and an even larger number of unqualified or non-professional staff has been radically altered by the introduction of &quot;General Management&quot;: that is, the attempt to clarify accountability and to allow those working inside as well as those receiving the service to know who is &quot;the boss&quot;, or where the &quot;buck stops&quot; and who can make particular decisions. Organisations need to change and develop in order to survive and they must continuously improve their management practices. Of course there are many competing approaches as to how this could be achieved but the basic objectives are not new. For many years Elliott Jaques and his colleagues have put forward models for restructuring organisations both in the public and private sectors, most completely summarised in &apos;General Theory of Bureaucracy&apos; (1) and more recently in &apos;Requisite Organisation&apos; (2) Jaques&apos;s theme for many years has been that organisations work better if there is clear accountability, a shared terminology, clear authority with unambiguous role descriptions, and appropriate remuneration. Very few would disagree with these broad propositions even if some would argue over the specific content of Jaques&apos;s theories for example concerning &apos;work strata&apos;. It is not the intention of this chapter to argue for or against particular aspects of this theory but rather to ask why there is apparent resistance to change, even in the implementation of the broader, more generally agreed aims mentioned above. One apparently simple answer to this is the widely held assumption that people are resistant to change. Such an argument is not only tautological but in my experience wrong. I do not think people are inherently resistant to change. In fact change in life and work is one of the few constants we can rely on. It is my experience that people can and do accept, and welcome, change under particular circumstances and it is understanding these circumstances which are the main content of this paper. To begin with organisational structures and job descriptions are often perceived, especially by people within organisations, as a boring, dry area. Like &apos;administration&apos; they are a necessary evil and one to be avoided where possible. On the other hand, work is critical to the development of our identities. Our work experiences and working relationships take up a great deal not only of our waking time, but also of our emotional energy. People agonise over, are offended by, delighted, confused and satisfied by achievements, or lack of them at work and in their working relationships. Jaques describes work as &quot;the primary plane of reality&quot;, and using his definition it is the outward and manifest expression of our decision-making abilities; the achievement of goals within the limits of resources and time. To be out of work, underemployed, poorly paid, or unappreciated are highly significant psychological matters. Working well or badly in a team has a profound effect on our sense of who we are and our self-worth. Thus these apparently dry and dusty areas of concern potentially affect one of the most important areas of our existence. Why then are theories in this area so often ignored, avoided or simply not seen as significant? It could, of course, be simply because these theories are bad and have no relevance. If this were so however, it might at least provoke a more vociferous rejection and active engagement to find Understanding Organisational Chang

Formation of pedestalled, relict lakes on the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica

ABSTRACTSurface debris covers much of the western portion of the McMurdo Ice Shelf and has a strong influence on the local surface albedo and energy balance. Differential ablation between debris-covered and debris-free areas creates an unusual heterogeneous surface of topographically low, high-ablation, and topographically raised (‘pedestalled’), low-ablation areas. Analysis of Landsat and MODIS satellite imagery from 1999 to 2018, alongside field observations from the 2016/2017 austral summer, shows that pedestalled relict lakes (‘pedestals’) form when an active surface meltwater lake that develops in the summer, freezes-over in winter, resulting in the lake-bottom debris being masked by a high-albedo, superimposed, ice surface. If this ice surface fails to melt during a subsequent melt season, it experiences reduced surface ablation relative to the surrounding debris-covered areas of the ice shelf. We propose that this differential ablation, and resultant hydrostatic and flexural readjustments of the ice shelf, causes the former supraglacial lake surface to become increasingly pedestalled above the lower topography of the surrounding ice shelf. Consequently, meltwater streams cannot flow onto these pedestalled features, and instead divert around them. We suggest that the development of pedestals has a significant influence on the surface-energy balance, hydrology and flexure of the ice shelf.Ia

Diurnal seismicity cycle linked to subsurface melting on an ice shelf

ABSTRACTSeismograms acquired on the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica, during an Austral summer melt season (November 2016–January 2017) reveal a diurnal cycle of seismicity, consisting of hundreds of thousands of small ice quakes limited to a 6–12 hour period during the evening, in an area where there is substantial subsurface melting. This cycle is explained by thermally induced bending and fracture of a frozen surface superimposed on a subsurface slush/water layer that is supported by solar radiation penetration and absorption. A simple, one-dimensional model of heat transfer driven by observed surface air temperature and shortwave absorption reproduces the presence and absence (as daily weather dictated) of the observed diurnal seismicity cycle. Seismic event statistics comparing event occurrence with amplitude suggest that the events are generated in a fractured medium featuring relatively low stresses, as is consistent with a frozen surface superimposed on subsurface slush. Waveforms of the icequakes are consistent with hydroacoustic phases at frequency ${\bf \gt} \bf 75\,{\bf Hz}$ and flexural-gravity waves at frequency $\bf {\bf \lt}25\,{\bf Hz}$. Our results suggest that seismic observation may prove useful in monitoring subsurface melting in a manner that complements other ground-based methods as well as remote sensing.</jats:p

Black Economic Empowerment led transformation within the South African accommodation industry: The case of Clarens.

In South Africa, the tourism industry has long been identified as one of the key drivers for economic development and the transformation of the economy. Although South Africa joined the world tourism stage after the democratic dispensation of 1994, the country to this day still contends with issues linked to its unjust past, such as poverty, inequality and severe unemployment, especially among the youth. To date South Africa remains one of the most unequal societies in the world. More specific and related to this study is the transformation of the accommodation sector within the tourism industry. Post 1994 the newly elected democratic government sought to rectify the unequal ownership of the economy via a transformation programme known as Black Economic Empowerment, followed by Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment. More than a decade since the Tourism Charter, this article seeks to determine how transformation in small localities has fared since the tourism sector-specific targets were introduced. The results of this study are further made poignant by the newly coined term of Radical Economic Transformation, which is proposed as a more aggressive approach to Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment. The study aims to explore and gain a deeper understanding of transformation within the tourism sector. This article specifically focuses on the accommodation sector in the village of Clarens in the Free State Province of South Africa. The article’s ambition is to further highlight issues relating to the transformation of the accommodation industry